Actual Freedom – Definitions

Definitions

Miasmal; Microcosm/Macrocosm; Mindful

Minorly; Miracle; Mirific; Misandry; Misogyny; Misanthropy

Miserabilism; Misapprehension; Mitigate; Modus Operandi

Modus Vivendi; Morbid; Mores; Multiplicious; Multitudinous

Multivarious; Multivalent; Myopic; Myopia; Mystical


Miasmal

• miasmal (adj.): filled with vapour; (synonyms): miasmic, vapourous; vapourific; [e.g.]: “venturing into miasmic jungles”; “carefully negotiating the vapourous bog”; “mile-after-mile of vapourific swampland”; cloudy (full of or covered with clouds); [e.g.]: “those cloudy skies bespoke a wet weekend”. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0; Edited Version).

• miasma (n.; pl. miasmas or miasmata): 1. a noxious atmosphere or influence; [e.g.]: “The family affection, the family expectations, seemed to permeate the atmosphere ... like a coiling miasma”. (Louis Auchincloss); 2. (a.) a foul-smelling vapour arising from rotting organic matter, formerly thought to cause disease; (b.) a thick vapourous atmosphere or emanation; [e.g.]: “wreathed in a miasma of exhaust fumes”; (adj.): miasmal, miasmatic, miasmic. [Greek míasma, ‘pollution’, ‘stain’, from miaínein, ‘to pollute’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• miasma (n.; pl. miasmata or miasmas): 1. an unwholesome or oppressive atmosphere; 2. pollution in the atmosphere, esp. noxious vapours from decomposing organic matter; (adj.): miasmal, miasmic, miasmatic, miasmatical. [C17: New Latin, from Greek míasma, ‘defilement’, from miaínein, ‘to defile’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• miasma (n.; pl. miasmas, miasmata): 1. noxious exhalations from putrescent organic matter; poisonous effluvia or germs polluting the atmosphere; 2. a dangerous, foreboding, or deathlike influence or atmosphere; (adj.): miasmal, miasmic, miasmatic, miasmatical. [1655-65; from New Latin, from Greek míasma, ‘stain’, pollution’, derivative of miaínein, ‘to pollute’, ‘stain’]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• miasma (n.): an unwholesome atmosphere; [e.g.]: “the novel spun a miasma of death and decay”; 2. unhealthy vapours rising from the ground or other sources [e.g.]: “the miasma of the marshes”; “there was a miasma of exhaust fumes”; miasm; air pollution (pollution of the atmosphere) [e.g.]: “air pollution reduced the visibility”. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).

• miasma (n.): unwholesomeness, smell, pollution, odour, stench, reek, effluvium, mephitis, fetor; (Brit. slang): niff; [e.g.]: “a thick black poisonous miasma which hung over the area”. ~ (Collins English Thesaurus).


Microcosm, Macrocosm:

• microcosm (n.): a community, place, or situation regarded as encapsulating in miniature the characteristics of something much larger; (‘the city is \ a microcosm of modern Malaysia’); humankind regarded as the representation in miniature of the universe; (‘the belief in correspondences between the\ Universe and Man – between microcosm and macrocosm’). (Oxford Dictionary).

 • macrocosm (n.): 1. a complex structure, such as the universe or society, regarded as an entirety, as opposed to microcosms, which have a similar \ structure and are contained within it; 2. any complex entity regarded as a complete system in itself.
• microcosm (n.): 1. a miniature representation of something, esp a unit, group, or place regarded as a copy of a larger one; 2. (philosophy): man \ regarded as epitomizing the universe.
(Collins Dictionary).

• microcosm (n.): a small, representative system having analogies to a larger system in constitution, configuration, or development; (‘He sees the auto \ industry as a microcosm of the U.S. itself’ ~William J. Hampton); (adj.): microcosmic, microcosmical; (adv.): microcosmically.
• macrocosm (n.): 1. the entire world; the universe; 2. a system reflecting on a large scale one of its component systems or parts; (adj.): macrocosmic, \ macrocosmical; (adv.): macrocosmically.
(American Heritage Dictionary).


Mindful:

• mindful (adj.): attentive; heedful. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• mindful (adj.): keeping aware; heedful. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• mindful (adj.): attentive; aware. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• mindful (adj.): bearing in mind; attentive to; aware. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).

• mindful (adj.): 1. tending toward awareness and appreciation; (synonyms): aware, conscious, observant; 2. cautiously attentive; (synonyms): heedful, watchful, careful, observant. ~ (American Heritage Roget’s Thesaurus).


Minorly :

mi​nor​ly (adv.): in a minor way; marginally, slightly; [e.g.]: “He was minorly injured in the fall”; “She became minorly famous back home for confessional diary items penned for the daily newspaper about the life of a young, single woman in the city”. (Vet Wagner, “Toronto Star’, 03 Mar 2009); ”The American Embassy was not so much heavily guarded as minorly fortified“. (Tom Clancy, ”Patriot Games“, 1987). [first known use: 1840, in the meaning defined above; from minor + -ly]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).


Miracle:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘miracle: a marvellous event not ascribable to human or natural agency (inexplicable by the laws of nature) and therefore attributed to the intervention of a supernatural agent, esp. (in Christian belief) God; specifically an act demonstrating control over nature, serving as evidence that the agent is either divine or divinely favoured; a person or thing of more than natural excellence; a surpassing specimen or example of; a remarkable or marvellous phenomenon or event (frequently hyperbole).’ (Oxford Dictionary).


Mirific; Mirificence: 

• mirifically (adv.): in a mirific manner. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• mirific (adj.; rare): wonder-working; wonderful; [e.g.]: “More numerous, wonder-working, and mirific”. (Thomas Urquhart, tr. of “The Works Of Francis Rabelais”, iii. 4.; Davies). [= French mirifique = Spanish mirifico = Portuguese, Italian mirifico, from Latin mirificus, ‘causing wonder or admiration’, ‘extraordinary’, from mirus, ‘wonderful’ + facere, ‘make’]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• mirific (adj.): working wonders; rousing astonishment, marvellous; also mirificent, working wonders, accent on the ‘if’; and mirifical, mirificence; used since the fifteenth century; Blackwoods ‘Edinburgh Magazine’ (1853) pointed to ‘the mirific diminishment of the contents of a brandy bottle’. ~ (page 431, Dictionary of Early English, Joseph T. Shipley; 1955).

• mirific (adj.): working wonders; wonderful. ~ (Webster’s 1913 Dictionary).

• mirific (adj.): achieving wonderful things or working wonders. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• mirific (adj.): working wonders; marvellous; [e.g.]: “[Sebastian Pasquale] talked all through dinner, giving me an account of his mirific adventures in foreign cities”. (page 72, William John Locke, 1863-1930, “The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne”, 1905, chap vi.). [etymology: mirific, from Middle French mirifique, ‘marvellous’, from Latin mirificus, from mirus, ‘wonderful’ + -ficus, ‘-fic’; akin to Latin mirari, ‘to wonder at’; mirifical, from mirific + -al]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

• mirific (adj.): (literary) working wonders; wonderful; (synonyms): mirifical; [e.g.]: “The Spirit of Grace, in whose mirific power our Saviour first, and his Apostles afterward, proclaimed the Gospel”. (page 192, Chapter One, Part Four, “The Constant Communicant”, Arthur Bury; 1681, Stephen Botton, Oxford); “See the very intelligible Theorist is at hand in our Necessity, to teach the impetuous Motions of mirifick Exultation”. (page 140, Section Thirty-Two, “An Essay towards the Theory of the Intelligible World”, Thomas d’Urfey; 1700, London); “There is the Doctor, whom Mrs. P. does not condescend to visit; that man educates a mirific family, and is loved by the poor for miles round”. (page 120, Chapter Thirty-One, “The Book of Snobs”, William Makepeace Thackeray; 1848, Punch Office‎, London); “A carpet overgrown with huge, gorgeous flowers, and the walls overgrown with huge, gorgeous flowers of another but equally mirific plant”. (page 133, Chapter One, Part Three, “Lilian”, Arnold Bennett; 1922, Cassell, London); “In as blasé a tone as I could manage, in such mirific circumstances, I murmured, ‘Ma’am, if you would care to glance out of the window—over there—you will see a flying saucer’”. (page 186, Chapter Five, “The Power of Positive Nonsense”, Leo Rosten; 1977, McGraw-Hill, New York). [etymology: from Latin mirificus and Middle French mirifique]. ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• mirific (adj.): wonder-working; marvellous. ~ (Steve Chrisomalis’ Phrontistery).

• mirific, mirifical (adj.): wonder-working; magical. ~ (Luciferous Logolepsy Lexicon).

• mirifick (n.): marvellous, wonderfully done; ſtrangely wrought. [from Latin mirificus]. ~ (page 43, The New Universal Etymological English Dictionary, Nathan Bailey; 1775).

• mirifical (adj.; rare): same as mirific. [from mirific + -al]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• mirifical (adj.): working wonders; wonderful. [origin: the earliest known use of the adjective mirifical is in the late 1500s; OED’s earliest evidence for mirifical is from around 1572, in the writing of William Forrest, poet: mirifical is a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element; etymons: Latin mīrificus + ‑al, suffix¹]. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).

• mirifical (adj.; obsolete, rare): magical, wonderful. [etymology: from mirific +‎ -al]. ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• mirifical (adj.): if something is wonderful, marvellous or excellent, it is said to be mirifical; pronunciation—mi as me; ri as in recall; fi as in fee; cal as in culture; [e.g.]: “The student writes mirifical essays in the magazine which attract readers”; (synonyms): amazing, wonderful. ~ (Daily Dose Of Vocabulary).

• mirificent (adj.; rare): causing wonder; [e.g.]: “Enchantment Agrippa defines to be nothing but the conveyance of a certain mirificent power into the thing enchanted”. (Dr. Henry More, “Mystery of Iniquity”, 1664, I. xviii. § 3). (Encyc. Dict.). [from Late Latin as if *mirificen(t-)s (in deriv. Late Latin mirificentia), from Latin mirus, ‘wonderful’ + facere, ‘make’; cf. mirific]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• mirificent (adj.): wonderful. ~ (Webster’s 1828 Dictionary).

• mirificent (adj.): working wonders; wonderful. ~ (Webster’s 1913 Dictionary).

• mirificent (adj.; obsolete, rare): wonderful; wondrous; awesome. [etymology: from mirific +‎ -ent]. ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• mirificence (n.): doing wonders. [from Latin mirificentia]. ~ (page 43, The New Universal Etymological English Dictionary, Nathan Bailey; 1775).

• mirificence (n.): doing wonders; admirable excellence; (synonyms): admirability, admirableness. [origin: the only known use of the noun mirificence is in the early 1700s; OED’s only evidence for mirificence is from 1727, in a dictionary by Nathan Bailey, lexicographer and schoolmaster; mirificence is of multiple origins; either (i) a borrowing from Latin, or, (ii) formed within English, by derivation; etymons: Latin mirificentia; ‘mirificent’, adjective + ‑ence, suffix]. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
Random Literary Samples.

• “The Sharded *Mirificence*: | You are mine own pavonine blowth, my toft, | You are my senescent monopoly! | Throned in red porphyry and onyx soft | Rieved from the Garden Papadopoli! | The micronated music spireth “Alice!” | Impendent rebecks, miradors sky-blue, | In sharded skiffs bear frangipanni-chalice | To the *mirificent* and paraspastic You! | Randolph Badford {paraspasm = an obsolete term for bilateral muscle spasms of the legs}. [emphases and curly-bracketed insert added]. ~ (page 2, ‘The Red Page’, in ‘The Bulletin’, Vol. 29, No. 1485, “The Loves of the Poets”; 30 July 1908).

• “A lover of his native tongue will tremble to think what that tongue would have become, if all the vocables from the Latin and the Greek which were introduced or endorsed by illustrious names [during the Reformation, and extended to the Restoration of Charles the Second, and beyond it], had been admitted on the strength of their recommendation; if ‘torve’ and ‘tetric’ (Thomas Fuller), ‘cecity’ (Richard Hooker), ‘fastide’ and ‘trutinate’ (“State Papers”), ‘immanity’ (William Shakespeare), ‘insulse’ and ‘insulsity’ (John Milton, prose), ‘scelestick’ (Owen Feltham), ‘splendidious’ (Michael Drayton), ‘pervicacy’ (Richard Baxter), ‘stramineous’, ‘ardelion’ (Robert Burton), ‘lepid’ and ‘sufflaminate’ (Isaac Barrow), ‘facinorous’ (John Donne), ‘immorigerous’, ‘clancular’, ‘ferity’, ‘ustulation’, ‘stultiloquy’, ‘lipothymy’ (λειποθυμία), ‘hyperaspist’ (all in Jeremy Taylor), if ‘mulierosity’, ‘subsannation’, ‘coaxation’, ‘ludibundness’, ‘delinition’, ‘septemfluous’, ‘medioxumous’, *‘mirificent’*, ‘palmiferous’ (all in Henry More), ‘pauciloquy’ and ‘multiloquy’ (Joseph Beaumont, “Psyche”; 1648); if ‘dyscolous’ (John Foxe), ‘ataraxy’ (Richard Allestree), ‘moliminously’ (Ralph Cudworth), ‘luciferously’ (Sir Thomas Browne), ‘immarcescible’ (Bishop Hall), ‘exility’, ‘spinosity’, ‘incolumity’, ‘solertiousness’, ‘lucripetous’, ‘inopious’, ‘eluctate’, ‘eximious’ (all in John Hacket), ‘arride’ (ridiculed by Ben Johnson), with the hundreds of other words like these, and even more monstrous than are some of these, not to speak of such Italian as ‘leggiadrous’ (a favourite word in Beaumont’s “Psyche”), ‘amorevolous’ (John Hacket), had not been rejected and disallowed by the true instinct of the national mind. A great many too were allowed and adopted, but not exactly in the shape in which they first were introduced among us; they were made to drop their foreign termination, or otherwise their foreign appearance, to conform themselves to English ways, and only so were finally incorporated into the great family of English words”. [emphasis and square-bracketed insert added]. ~ (page 110, Lecture Two: ‘English as it Might Have Been’, in “English Past and Present”, by Richard Chenevix Trench (1807-1886); 10th Ed. Revised; 1877, Macmillan and Co., London).

• “As I mentioned in the ‘A Philosophical Compendiary’ chapter of my book ‘The Numinous Way of Pathei-Mathos’, my philosophy of pathei-mathos has connexions to the culture of ancient Greece, exemplified by the many Greek terms and phrases I use in an attempt to express certain philosophical concepts. Such use of such terms also serves to intimate that my philosophy has some connexion to the Graeco-Roman mystical, and paganus, traditions, one of which traditions is outlined in the Ιερός Λόγος tractate of the Corpus Hermeticum where it is written that: ‘...every psyche—embodied in flesh—can | By the *mirificence* of the circumferent deities coursing the heavens | Apprehend the heavens, and honour, and physis presenced, and the works of theos; | Can understand divine influence as wyrdful change | And thus, regarding what is good and what is bad, discover all the arts of honour’; my translation, from ‘Ιερός Λόγος: An Esoteric Mythos’, a translation of and a commentary on the Third Tractate of the Corpus Hermeticum; 2015. Furthermore, I also use certain Greek and Latin terms in a specific way, such that the meaning I assign to them is not necessarily identical to how they were understood in classical times or the same as the meaning ascribed to them in modern Greek and Latin lexicons”. [emphasis added]. ~ (page 8, An extract from a letter to an academic correspondent, with footnotes added post scriptum, by David Myatt; 2020, in “One Perceiveration”, collected essays published between 2012 and 2019).

• “English With Tears”. Stock Exchange lists fail to reveal what buyers are offering or sellers demanding for words, but a cable announcing that Mr. Charles K. Ogden has sold his “Basic English” system to the British Government for £23,000 {=£1.13 million, or $2.26 million, in 2024 monetary values} suggests that they are enjoying a “bullish” market.

Compared with John Milton, to whom the bookseller Tompkyns paid £18 {=£5,220 in 2024 monetary values} for “Paradise Lost”, in which a vocabulary of about 8,000 words is employed, the bespectacled Cambridge don who invented “Basic English”, limited to 850 words, seems not to have made a bad bargain.

What sort of a bargain the British Government has made is another matter. Nor is it clear what it intends doing with its purchase. Mr. Ogden made his bow as an exponent of a simplified English language away back in 1923. Like the inventors of “Volapuk” and “Esperanto”, he was inspired by the ideal of creating an international language, and English, he contended, possesses the qualities most needed for international use. It is the natural language of the governments of more than 500,000,000 persons, and the spread of the talking film, in Latin America especially, has made it a more or less garbled secondary language for millions more.

Why not, argued Mr. Ogden, make English so simple that lesser breeds, who know not the tongue that Shakespeare and Damon Runyon spake, will realise the advantages of learning it. But seeing that there are still more than 1,500 languages in use in the world, the job of establishing any one tongue as even the secondary language of, say, half of those who speak the 1,500 others must present formidable difficulties.

The fate of the best-known predecessor of “Basic English” was indicated in a satirical London Punch Magazine dialogue:

“What is Esperanto, father?”

“A universal language, my son”.

“Who speaks it, father?”

“Nobody, my boy, nobody”.

But undeterred by the sad history of other “universal” languages, Mr. Ogden went ahead. He decided that all but a few of the words in an average English dictionary of from 60,000 to 80,000 words (the New English Dictionary contains 400,000) are unnecessary. Shakespeare, he says, employed 16,000 words (Shakespearian scholars claim to have counted 20,000), while a teashop waitress uses about 7,000 or 8,000.

Although, judging by the case of the waitress, one can get through life with 7,000 or 8,000 words, most learners take at least four years to obtain a working knowledge of English. Mr. Ogden claims that two hours work daily for a month should enable anyone to master “Basic English”.

The chief feature of this system is the wholesale elimination of verbs, the number of which has been reduced to eighteen, namely: come, get, give, go, keep, let, make, put, seem, take, be, do, have, say, see, send, may, will.

Since “love”, for example, is no longer a verb, a lover pouring forth his passion in “Basic English” would inform his inamorata that he “has love for her”—which, somehow, suggests a rather limited amount of that commodity. “Love”, like many other verbs, still figures as a basic noun and one can indulge in what seems to me like cheating, by adding “-ing” or “-ed” to such nouns. Thus, one cannot say: “I love”, but one can announce: “I am loving” which, I suggest, might mean either that the speaker is actively making love or is himself of a loving nature.

Having thrown verbs galore overboard. Mr. Ogden drastically compressed the vocabulary by a careful selection of nouns from groups of synonyms. The result, whether one likes it or not, is a triumph of ingenuity. Years ago I read in the “London Times” a long article which provided a clear exposition of “Basic English” and it was not until I reached the last paragraph (which provided the information) that I found that the writer had not gone beyond the Ogden vocabulary of 850 words.

Various books have been translated into “Basic English”, including the Bible, in which we learn that Christ “put out” the money changers from the Temple. I have merely glanced at one or two of these works, but the pages I read conveyed their meaning clearly enough. This, however, by no means reconciles me to the idea of exchanging the English of Shakespeare, not to mention that of Sir Thomas Browne or Henry James, for Mr. Ogden’s.

Doubtless there are thousands of words in the dictionary that most of us go through life without using. Some of us have scraped along on the Continent with something roughly equivalent to basic French or Italian. But much more is necessary to an appreciation of the literature of our own or other countries. Many of the 399,000 words that Mr. Ogden has discarded from the “New English Dictionary” are scientific or technical terms that few require to use.

But there are thousands of others which great writers have chosen to employ to convey fine shades of meaning or emotion. Maybe it is not strictly necessary for Henry James to use words like “immarcescible” and *“mirificent”*. It might be argued that “unfading” or “wonderful” would convey his meaning.

But an artist in words must be allowed to choose his colours, and the Henry James canvases certainly would not be the fascinating things they often are if painted in “Basic English”. The international use of “Basic English” even for utilitarian purposes would, I imagine, present substantial obstacles at least for the English.

Some who have been so misguided as to be born Rooshans, Turks or Prooshans may set enthusiastically to work learning Mr. Ogden’s 850 words, but any of the oppressed English who wish to write or speak to them will be faced with the more difficult task of unlearning thousands of words.

When trying to acquire a foreign language, I have set myself the task of memorising a dozen or so words daily while shaving and dressing and have found that a week later I probably remembered half of them. But imagine carrying out this process in reverse—preparing daily lists of words it was one’s duty to forget! Like Macbeth, one would call in vain for some sweet oblivious antidote to cleanse one of the perilous stuff weighing upon the memory.

Though it is doubtless possible to learn French without tears, the unlearning of English would, I fear, involve most distressing emotional storms”. [emphasis and curly-bracketed inserts added]. ~ (page 4, “English With Tears”, in ‘Merely My Prejudice’, a weekly article by Harrison Owen; Sat 22 Mar 1947, ‘The Sun Week-End Magazine’, from “The Sun News-Pictorial” (Melbourne, Vic.: 1922- 1956).

¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
(left-clicking the yellow rectangles with the capital ‘U’ opens each in a new web page).


Misandry; Misogyny; Misanthropy:

[Dictionary Definitions]:

• ‘misandry: hatred of men’.
• ‘misogyny: hatred of women’.
• ‘misanthropy: hatred of humankind’. (Oxford Dictionary).

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Miserabilism:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘miserabilism: pessimism, gloomy negativity’. (Oxford Dictionary).


Misapprehension:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘misapprehension: a mistaken assumption’. (Oxford Dictionary).


Mitigate

• mitigate (tr.v.; mitigated, mitigating, mitigates): 1. to make less severe or intense; moderate or alleviate; (synonyms): relieve, allay, alleviate, assuage, lighten², palliate, mitigate; these verbs mean to make something less severe or more bearable; to relieve is to make more endurable something causing discomfort or distress; 

[e.g.]: “That misery which he strives to relieve in vain”. (Henry David Thoreau); allay suggests at least temporary relief from what is burdensome or painful; [e.g.]: “This music crept by me upon the waters, allaying both their fury and my passion with its sweet air”. (Shakespeare); alleviate connotes temporary lessening of distress without removal of its cause; [e.g.]: “No arguments shall be wanting on my part which can alleviate so severe a misfortune”. (Jane Austen); to assuage is to soothe or make milder; [e.g.]: “He assuaged his guilt by confessing to the crime”; lighten signifies to make less heavy or oppressive; [e.g.]: “Legislation which would lighten the taxpayer’s burden”; palliate and mitigate connote moderating the force or intensity of something which causes suffering; [e.g.]: “Organisations for writers palliate the writer’s loneliness but I doubt if they improve his writing”. (Ernest Hemingway); “For my part, I could not bear the sight, but hid myself in my closet, and prayed to the Lord to mitigate a calamity”. (John Galt); 2. to make alterations to (land) in order to make it less polluted or more hospitable to wildlife; (phrasal verb): mitigate against: (usage problem): to mitigate, meaning “to make less severe, alleviate” is sometimes used where militate, which means “to cause a change”, might be expected; the confusion arises when the subject of mitigate is an impersonal factor or influence, and the verb is followed by the preposition ‘against’, so the meaning of the phrase is something like “to be a powerful factor against” or “to hinder or prevent”, as in; [e.g.]: “His relative youth might mitigate against him in a national election”; some seventy percent of this dictionary’s usage panel rejected this use of mitigate against in our 2009 survey; some fifty-six percent also rejected the intransitive use of mitigate meaning “to take action to alleviate something undesirable”, as in; [e.g.]: “What steps can the town take to mitigate against damage from coastal storms?”; perhaps its use in conjunction with ‘against’ in the one instance has soured panelists on its use in the other; this intransitive use is relatively recent in comparison with the long-established transitive use, so novelty might play a role as well;

1. to take measures to moderate or alleviate (something);

2. to be a strong factor against (someone or something); hinder or prevent; (n.): mitigation, mitigator; (adj.): mitigable; mitigative, mitigatory. [Middle English mitigaten, from Latin mītigāre, mītigāt-, from mītis, ‘soft’ + agere, ‘to drive’, ‘do’; see act; viz.: from Old French acte, from Latin āctus, ‘a doing’, and āctum, ‘a thing done’, both from past participle of agere, ‘to drive’, ‘do’]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).


Modus Operandi:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘modus operandi (= mode of operating): the way in which a person sets about a task’. (Oxford Dictionary).

Modus Vivendi:

Modus Vivendi (n.; pl. modi vivendi): 1. a feasible arrangement or practical compromise; esp. one that bypasses difficulties;
2. *a manner of living: a way of life*. [origin and etymology: New Latin, ‘manner of living’; first known use: circa 1878]. [emphasis added]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).


Morbid:

• morbid (adj.): 1. not sound and healthful; induced by, or characteristic of, a diseased or abnormal condition; diseased; sickly; hence, abnormally or unnaturally susceptible to emotional impressions, esp. of a gloomy or unwholesome nature; [e.g.]: “Her sick and morbid heart” (Hawthorne); 2. relating to disease; as, ‘morbid anatomy’; (synonyms): sickly, sick, unwholesome. [Latin morbidus, from morbus, ‘disease’; prob. akin to mori, ‘to die’; cf. French morbide; see mortal]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary; 1927).

[https://archive.org/stream/webstersnewinter00webs#page/1404/mode/2up].

• morbid (adj.): 1. (a) of, relating to, or characteristic of disease; [e.g.]: “morbid anatomy”; (b) affected with or induced by disease; [e.g.]: “a morbid condition”; (c) productive of disease; [e.g.]: “morbid substances”; 2. abnormally susceptible to or characterised by gloomy or unwholesome feelings; 3. grisly, gruesome; [e.g.]: “morbid details”; “morbid curiosity”; (adv.): morbidly; (n.): morbidness. [origin and etymology: first known use: 1656; from Latin morbidus, ‘diseased’, from morbus, ‘disease’]. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary; 2017).

[www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/morbid].


Mores:

[Dictionary Definitions]:

• mores (n.): mores is the Latin plural of mōr, mōs, and means “acquired customs and manners”; social and moral conventions are mores, and the lack of these is anomie⁽*⁾.~ (Farlex Trivia Dictionary).

⁽*⁾anomie, anomy, anomia (n.): a state or condition of individuals or society characterised by an absence or breakdown of social and legal norms and values, as in the case of an uprooted people; (adj.): anomic. ~ (Ologies & Isms Dictionary).

• mores (pl. n.; pron. moor-raze): a concept developed by William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) to designate those folkways {i.e., habitual group customs, behaviours and fashions} which, if violated, result in extreme punishment; the term comes from the Latin mōs (‘customs’), and although mores are fewer in number than folkways, they are more coercive; negative mores are taboos, usually supported by religious or philosophical sanctions; whereas folkways guide human conduct in the more mundane areas of life, mores tend to control those aspects connected with sex, the family, or religion. [curly-bracketed insert added] ~ (Columbia Electronic Encyclopaedia).


Multiplicious:

• multiplicious (adj.): manifold (viz.: 1. various in kind or quality; many in number; numerous; multiplied; complicated; 2. exhibited at divers times or in various ways). ~ (Webster’s 1913 Dictionary).

• multiplicious (adj.): manifold (viz.: many; [e.g.]: “The manifold details abound”; myriad, divers, multifarious); multiplex. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

• multiplicious (adj.): manifold. [origin: the earliest known use of the adjective multiplicitous is in the 1850s; OED’s earliest evidence for multiplicitous is from 1852, in New Orleans Weekly Delta; formed within English, by derivation; etymons: multiplicity, noun + ‑ous, suffix]. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).

• multiplicious (adj.): manifold; exhibiting multiplicity; [e.g.]: “‘Some of them are polemical’, our reviewer, Joel Brouwer, said, but, ‘Reed’s best poems conjure up a vertiginous, multiplicious, irresolvable and thrilling world’”. (from “Paperback Row”, Elsa Dixler; October 21, 2007, in New York Times); (synonyms): manifold, multiplicitous; many-kinded. ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• multiplicious (adj.; rare): manifold; multiplex; [e.g.]: “The animal [amphisbæna] is not one, but multiplicious, or many, which hath a duplicity or gemination of principal parts”. (Sir Thomas Browne, “Vulgar Errors”, iii. 15); “This sense smelling... although sufficiently grand and admirable, (yet) is not so multiplicious as of the eye or ear”. (Rev. William Derham,1657-1735, “Physico-Theology”, iv. 4). [from Latin multiplex (multiplici-); multiplex + -ous]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multipliciously (adv.): in a manifold or multiplex manner. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multiplicity (n.): 1. the state of being multiplex or manifold or various; the condition of being numerous; [e.g.]: “Moreover, as the manifold variation of the parts, so the multiplicity of the use of each part, is very wonderful”. (Nehemiah Grew, 1641-1712, “Cosmologia Sacra”, 1701, i. 5); 2. many of the same kind; a large number; [e.g.]: “Had they discoursed rightly but upon this one principle that God was a being infinitely perfect, they could never have asserted a multiplicity of gods”. (Robert South: “Sermons Preached Upon Several Occasions”, vol. II.); “A multiplicity of laws give a judge as much power as a want of law, since he is ever sure to find among the number some to countenance his partiality”. (Oliver Goldsmith, “Reverie at Boar’s-Head Tavern in Eastcheap”, 1841, Essay IV.). [= French multiplicité = Spanish multiplicidad = Portuguese multiplicidade = Italian moltiplicità, from Late Latin multiplicita(t-)s, ‘manifoldness’, from Latin multiplex, ‘manifold’; see multiplex]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multiplicitous (adj.): synonym of multiplicious; [e.g.]: “Finally, this fair is multiplicitous in ways that few others are anymore”. (from “Treasure Hunt for Grown-Ups With Money”, Holland Cotter; January 19, 2007 in New York Times‎). ~ (Wiktionary English Dictionary).

• multifarious (adj.): having or occurring in great variety; diverse; [e.g.]: “Participated in multifarious activities in high school”; (synonyms): multifariousness. ~ (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).


Multitudinous:

• multitudinous (adj.): 1. very numerous; existing in great numbers; 2. consisting of many parts; 3. populous; crowded; (adv.): multitudinously; (n.): multitudinousness. [from Latin multitūdō, multitūdin-, ‘multitude’, from multus, ‘many’ + -tude, suffix denoting condition, state, or quality; e.g., exactitude]. ~ (American Heritage Dictionary).

• multitudinous or multitudinary (adj.): 1. very numerous; 2. (rare): great in extent, variety, etc.; 3. poetic crowded; (adv.): multitudinously; (n.): multitudinousness. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• multitudinous (adj.): 1. existing in great numbers; numerous; 2. comprising many parts or elements; 3. (archaic): crowded; (adv.): multitudinously; (n.): multitudinousness. [1595-1605; from Latin multitūdin-, ‘multitude’ + -ous]. ~ (Webster’s College Dictionary).

• multitudinous (adj.): too numerous to be counted; [e.g.]: “the multitudinous seas”; (synonyms): innumerable, myriad, countless, infinite, untold, numberless, innumerous, unnumberable, unnumbered, unnumerable, uncounted; [e.g.]: “there were innumerable difficulties”; “a myriad stars shone brightly”; “then countless hours passed by”; “an infinite number of reasons”; “in their untold thousands”; incalculable (not capable of being computed or enumerated); [e.g.]: “those incalculable riches”. ~ (Princeton’s WordNet 3.0).

• multitudinous (adj.): numerous, many, considerable, countless, legion, infinite, abounding, abundant, myriad, teeming, innumerable, copious, manifold, profuse; [e.g.]: “He was a man of multitudinous talents”. ~ (Collins English Thesaurus).

• multitudinous (adj.): amounting to or consisting of a large, indefinite number; (synonyms): legion, many, myriad, numerous; (idiom): quite a few. ~ (The American Heritage Roget’s Thesaurus).

• multitudinous (adj.): 1. consisting of a multitude or great number; [e.g.]: “Then multitudinous echoes awoke and died in the distance”. (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, “Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie”, 1847, ii. 2); 2. of vast extent or number, or of manifold diversity; vast in number or variety, or in both; [e.g.]: “My hand will rather | The multitudinous seas incarnadine, | Making the green one red”. (William Shakespeare, “Macbeth”, ii. 2. 62); “One might with equal wisdom seek to whistle the vague multitudinous hum of a forest”. (Edmund Gurney, “Nineteenth Century Magazine”, LXXI. 446); 3†. of or pertaining to the multitude; [e.g.]: “At once pluck out | The multitudinous tongue; let them not lick | The sweet which is their poison”. (William Shakespeare, “Coriolanus”, iii. 1. 156); 4. (rare): thronged; crowded; [e.g.]: “The transport of a fierce and monstrous gladness | Spread through the multitudinous streets, fast flying | Upon the wings of fear”. (Percy Bysshe Shelley, 1792-1822, “The Revolt of Islam” (ex-‘Laon and Cythna; or, The Revolution of the Golden City’), 1818, canto xii, page 252). [from Latin as if *multitudinosus, from multitudo (-din-), ‘a multitude’; see multitude]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multitudinously (adv.): in a multitudinous manner; in great number or with great variety. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multitudinary (adj.; rare): multitudinous; manifold. [from Latin as if *multitudinarius, from multitudo (-din-), ‘a multitude’; see multitude]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multitudinousness (n.): the character or state of being multitudinous; [e.g.]: “Nature’s multitudinousness is commanded by a senate of powers”. (James Martineau, “Modern Materialism: Its Attitude Towards Theology”, 1876, p. 38). ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).

• multitude (n.): 1. the character of being many; numerousness; also, a great number regarded collectively or as congregated together. Aquinas and others distinguish ‘transcendental multitude’ and ‘material multitude’; but it is difficult to attach any definite conception to ‘transcendental multitude’, which is the opposite of ‘transcendental unity’. And ‘material multitude’ is the multitude of individuals of the same species, an expression which supposes matter to be the principle of individuation; [e.g.]: “And whiles they sought to flye out of the Citie, they wedged themselues with multitude so fast in the gate (which was furthest from the enemie) and the streetes adjoyning, as that three rankes walked one vpon the others heads”. (Samuel Purchas, 1577-1626, “Purchas His Pilgrimage, or, Relations of the World and the Religions”, four editions between 1613 and 1626, p. 420); “Armed freemen scattered over a wide area are deterred from attending the periodic assemblies by cost of travel, by cost of time, by danger, and also by the experience that multitudes of men unprepared and unorganised are helpless in presence of an organised few”. (Herbert Spencer, “The Principles of Sociology”, § 495. page 413); 

2. a great number, indefinitely; [e.g.]: “It is a fault in a multitude of preachers that they utterly neglect method in their harangues”. (Dr. Isaac Watts); 

3. a crowd or throng; a gathering or collection of people. According to some ancient legal authorities, it required at least ten to make a multitude; ‘the multitude’: the populace, or the mass of men without reference to an assemblage; [e.g.]: “The hasty multitude | Admiring enter’d; and the work some praise, | And some the architect”. (John Milton, “Paradise Lost”, i. 730); “That great enemy of reason, virtue, and religion, the multitude”. (Sir Thomas Browne, “Religio Medici” (“The Religion of a Doctor”) , ii. 1); (synonyms): multitude, throng, crowd, swarm, mass, host, legion; a multitude, however great, may be in a space so large as to give each one ample room; a throng or a crowd is generally smaller than a multitude, but is gathered into a close body, a throng being a company that presses together or forward, and a crowd carrying the closeness to uncomfortable physical contact; [e.g.]: “A very subtle argument could not have been communicated to the multitudes that visited the shows”. (Thomas De Quincey, “Secret Societies”, i); “We are enow, yet living in the field, | To smother up the English in our throngs, | If any order might be thought upon”. (William Shakespeare, “Henry V.”, iv. 5. 20); “It crosses here, it crosses there, | Thro’ all that crowd confused and loud”. (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, “Maud, and Other Poems”, 1855, xxvi); ‘multitude of a set’: same as, ‘potency of a set’. [from French multitude = Spanish multitud = Portuguese multitude, multidão = Italian multitudine, moltitudine, from Latin multitudo (-din-), ‘a great number’, ‘a multitude’, ‘a crowd’, in grammar, ‘the plural number’, from multus, Old Latin moltus, ‘much’, ‘many’, apparently originally a past participle; cf. altus, ‘high’, ‘deep’, originally past participle of alere, ‘nourish’, ‘grow’; see altitude, old]. ~ (Century Dictionary and Cyclopaedia).


Multivarious

• multivarious (adj.): having a varied or diverse quality; having several various forms; [e.g.]: “The paper documented multivarious treatments of current events”. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).

• multivarious (adj.): many and various; see also multifarious, multivariety. [etymology: borrowed from Latin multivarius]. ~ (Word-Sense Online Dictionary).

• multivarious (adj.): widely diverse; (synonyms): multivariable, multivariant, multivariate; [e.g.]: “The forces behind these trends are multivarious and complex”. (New York Times, 27 Apr. 2021); “However, supply chain management—and specifically ocean freight shipments—are inherently complex and multivarious issues that are beyond one’s ability to predict”. (Ami Daniel, Forbes, 9 June 2022); “Only a few studies have used high-dimensional, multivariate measures of behaviour”. (Dean Mobbs, Scientific American, 20 Sep. 2019). [etymology: multi- + various]. ~ (Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary).

• multivarious (adj.): having various forms or of diverse quality. [the earliest known use of the adjective multivarious is in the mid 1600s. OED’s earliest evidence for multivarious is from 1636, in the writing of Daniel Featley, Church of England clergyman and religious controversialist; multivarious is formed within English, by compounding; etymons: multi-, combing form, with various adjectives; (nearby entries): multivalued (adj.; 1900); multivalvate (adj.; 1891); multivalve (adj. & n.; 1753); multivalved (adj.; 1759); multivalver (n.; 1925); multivalvular (adj.; 1760); multivariable (adj.; 1911); multivariant (adj.; 1902); multivariate (adj.; 1920); multivariety (n.; 1601); multivarious (adj.; 1636); multivendor (adj.; 1970); multiversant (adj.; 1828); multiverse (n.; 1895); multiversity (n.; 1926); multivesicular (adj.; 1957); multivibrator (n.; 1919); multivious (adj.; 1656); multivitamin (adj. & n.; 1939); multivocal (adj. & n.; 1834); multivocality (n.; 1963)]. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).

__________

Random Journal Examples.

• “Of all the chemical compounds scientists have ever contemplated, deoxyribonucleic acid (ᴅɴᴀ) stands out both for engendering hope and inspiring hype. Sure, there are other compounds with claims to serious societal impact. There’s water (ʜ₂ᴏ), of course, and trinitrotoluene (ᴛɴᴛ), nicotine {e.g., nicotinic acid, or niacin, a vitamin of the ʙ complex essential for the normal function of the nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract}, dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), and various petroleum hydrocarbons, not to mention ethanol. Life wouldn’t be the same without them. But life wouldn’t be life at all without ᴅɴᴀ (deoxyribonucleic acid). Yes, you need water too, but water without ᴅɴᴀ is lifeless. ᴅɴᴀ is life’s master compound, the record of evolution, the stuff of genes which code for life’s multivarious designs. ᴅɴᴀ is the superstar of cellular vitality, the storehouse of genetic information from which all of life’s power emerges”. [curly-bracketed inserts added].~ (Editorial, by Tom Siegfried, Editor in Chief; Jul 4, 2009, Science News ᴜsᴀ).

• “Since 1947, the society and state of Pakistan have been caught in a whirlpool of divergent social and political factors. The country is fraught with multivarious problems of a crucial and intricate nature, but ethnicity has emerged as the most significant and delicate issue”. ~ (page 54, “Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan”, by Gulshan Majeed; 2010, Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 1. No. 2).

• “Building on her theory of the paper stage, Rachel Willie’s second chapter analyses play pamphlets which render posthumous dramatic representations of Charles and Cromwell as sites for thinking politics. By applying this theory of the paper stage to these often-overlooked texts, Willie shows how these works range from blunt, partisan screeds to vexed, multivarious treatments of current events”. ~ (Book Review of Rachel Willie’s “Staging the Revolution: Drama, Reinvention and History”, by Marissa Nicosia; Jan 1, 2017, Philological Quarterly).

• “Michel Houellebecq’s novels are filled with multivarious kinds of established culture-shaping discourses which sometimes are linked to entities customarily immersed in the realm of culture. The novels orchestrate the ascent to dominance of other culture-shaping discourses, connected in many instances with non-state and growingly large-scale agencies”. ~ (from “Cultural Decline, Capitalist Deterritorialisation, and Social Degeneration in Michel Houellebecq’s Fiction”, by Carmen Petcu; Jan 1, 2018, Review of Contemporary Philosophy).

• “Just as with the psychedelic road movie ‘Separado!’, and the elusive Patagonian guitarist Rene Griffiths, it appears there’s no end to the weird and wonderful characters lurking in the multivarious branches of the prodigiously resourceful frontiersman Gruff Rhys’ colourful family tree”. ~ (from “American Quadrilogy”, Daily Post, Conwy, Wales; May 10, 2014; quadrilogy=tetralogy; (n.): a series of four related dramatic, operatic, or literary works; (adj.): tetralogical; (n.): tetralogist).

• “Nonetheless, both recent studies did include multivarious adjustments intended to limit confounders”. ~ (Amby Burfoot, Outside Online, 22 Sep. 2021).


Multivalent

[Dictionary Definition]: multivalent (adj.): having or susceptible of many applications, interpretations, meanings, or values; [e.g.]: “visually complex and multivalent work”; (n.): multivalence. ~ (Oxford English Dictionary).


Myopic:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘myopic: of, pertaining to, or affected with myopia; short-sighted, near-sighted; [example] a board full of myopic people: narrow, narrow-minded, short-sighted, insular, parochial, provincial, limited, prejudiced (...)’. (Oxford Dictionary).

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Myopia:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘myopia (fig.): near-sightedness’. (Oxford Dictionary).


Mystical

• mystical (adj.): 1. relating to or characteristic of mysticism (=belief in or experience of a reality surpassing normal human understanding or experience, esp. a reality perceived as essential to the nature of life; a system of contemplation and spirituality aimed at achieving direct intuitive experience of the divine); 2. (theology): having a divine or sacred significance which surpasses natural human apprehension; 3. (alternative belief systems): having occult or metaphysical significance, nature, or force; (adj. & n.): mystic; mystics; (adv.): mystically; (n.): mysticalness. [C14: Middle English mystik, from Latin mysticus, from Greekmustikos, derivative of mustē , ‘mystery initiate’; related to muein, ‘to close the eyes’, ‘to initiate into sacred rites’]. ~ (Collins English Dictionary).


RETURN TO DEFINITIONS INDEX

RICHARD’S HOME PAGE

The Third Alternative

(Peace On Earth In This Life Time As This Flesh And Blood Body)

Here is an actual freedom from the Human Condition, surpassing Spiritual Enlightenment and any other Altered State Of Consciousness, and challenging all philosophy, psychiatry, metaphysics (including quantum physics with its mystic cosmogony), anthropology, sociology ... and any religion along with its paranormal theology. Discarding all of the beliefs that have held humankind in thralldom for aeons, the way has now been discovered that cuts through the ‘Tried and True’ and enables anyone to be, for the first time, a fully free and autonomous individual living in utter peace and tranquillity, beholden to no-one.

Richard's Text ©The Actual Freedom Trust: 1997-.  All Rights Reserved.

Disclaimer and Use Restrictions and Guarantee of Authenticity