Actual Freedom – Definitions

Definitions

Heckle and Jeckle; Hedonic; Heliocentrism

Herd Instinct; Howler


Heckle and Jeckle:

• [quote] ‘(...) Heckle is slightly more cynical than Jeckle.

Both of them treat their mutual enemies with threats and rudeness, but Heckle will usually make his intentions clear from the outset, while Jeckle will (at first) treat enemies politely in order to lull them into a false sense of security before unleashing magpie mayhem’. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckle_and_Jeckle).


Hedonic:

anhedonically as contrasted to hedonically:

• [Dictionary Definition]: ‘hedonic: of, pertaining to, or involving pleasurable or painful sensations or feelings, considered as affects [emotions, moods]’. (Oxford Dictionary).

• ‘hedonism: of, pertaining to, or involving pleasurable or painful sensations or feelings, considered as affects [emotions, moods]. Spec. hedonic tone, the degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness associated with an experience or state, esp. considered as a single quantity that can range from extreme pleasure to extreme pain’. (Oxford Dictionary).

Put succinctly: every experience or state of being – including its emotions and sentiments – has hedonic tone (a degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness/pleasure or displeasure).

For instance:

• [quote]: ‘When we wish to say that pleasure or displeasure belongs to this or that mental process, we may say that the process is pleasantly or unpleasantly toned. Hedonic-tone is a generic term for pleasure and the reverse, considered as belonging to this or that mental process. [...]. The hedonic tone of perception is determined by varying conditions. We may distinguish broadly the pleasure or displeasure which is directly due in the first instance to the perceptual process at the time of its occurrence, and that which arises from preformed associations. Whatever obstructs or disables perceptual process at the time of its occurrence is disagreeable; whatever favours or furthers it is agreeable. [...]. It is difficult to bring emotions, such as anger and fear, and sentiments, such as love and hate, completely under any other head [besides pleasure and displeasure]. Certainly, an emotion, like anger, involves some kind of cognition; but it cannot be said that the specific experience of being angry directly qualifies the nature of the presented object; in other words, this experience is not a presentation. So, too, anger has hedonic-tone, mostly of an unpleasant kind’. (‘A Manual of Psychology’ by Professor George Stout, first published 1899 by W. B. Clive, The University Tutorial Press, London).

As a matter of historical interest: the earliest record on the topic of hedonic tone predates that 1899 publication by millenia; hedonic tone is known \ in the buddhavacana (as per the Theravadan Pali Canon) as ‘vedanakhandha’.


Heliocentrism:

‘For many centuries, Heliocentrism was countered with the apparent common sense view that, if the Earth were spinning and moving around the Sun, people and objects would tend to fall off or spin out into space; an object dropped from a tower would fall behind the tower as the latter rotated with the Earth and would land to the West; and so on. A response to these objections required much better understanding of physics.
In the 16th century the theory was *revived* by Nicolaus Copernicus, in a form consistent with then-current observations’. [emphasis added]. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism).


Herd Instinct:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘the herd instinct: gregariousness and mutual influence as a psychological factor.’ (Oxford Dictionary).


Howler:

[Dictionary Definition]: ‘howler (colloq.): a glaring blunder’. Oxford Dictionary


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